Wwii Military Prop Planes: C-47 & More

Military prop planes represent a crucial element in the history of air warfare. World War II saw the proliferation of these aircraft, with models such as the Douglas C-47 Skytrain becoming indispensable for troop transport and cargo delivery. These planes, often characterized by their robust design and ability to operate from rudimentary airstrips, played a vital role in supporting ground forces and maintaining supply lines. Even with the advent of jet propulsion, some military forces still utilize turboprop aircraft like the Lockheed C-130 Hercules for their efficiency and versatility in various operational scenarios.

Ever looked up and wondered about that metal bird soaring through the sky? Well, buckle up, buttercup, because we’re about to dive into the wild, wonderful world of aircraft! From those crazy contraptions of yesteryear that looked like they might fall apart at any second, to the sleek, modern marvels that zip around the globe today, we’re talking about a journey that’s as epic as it is groundbreaking.

Now, aircraft aren’t just about getting from point A to point B (though they’re pretty darn good at that). They’ve got a double life! On one hand, they’re the friendly giants that whisk us away on vacation or deliver that must-have gadget you ordered online. On the other hand, they’re the silent guardians, playing a vital role in keeping the peace (or, sadly, stirring up trouble when things get hairy). It’s a yin and yang kind of thing, this aircraft business.

But here’s the real kicker: These flying machines have shrunk the world! Think about it – before airplanes, crossing an ocean was a months-long ordeal. Now? You can binge-watch a whole season of your favorite show before you even land! And let’s not forget the battlefield. Aircraft have forever changed the way wars are fought, bringing a whole new dimension to strategy and tactics. They have had a *transformative* impact on global connectivity and warfare.

So, get ready for an unforgettable ride through the history of aircraft. It’s a story of daring inventors, groundbreaking technology, and a whole lot of flying high! This blog is optimized for you so that it becomes your most informative stop to learn about Aircraft.

Early Flights of War: Military Aviation Takes Off

So, you think planes are just for getting you to that all-inclusive resort in Cancun? Think again! While commercial aviation did eventually become a thing, let’s rewind to a time when the sky was less about Mai Tais and more about, well, not getting shot down. The very first applications of aircraft were undeniably military. We’re talking about the dawn of the 20th century, when generals started eyeing these newfangled flying machines, not for delivering pizzas, but for scouting enemy positions, directing artillery fire, and, eventually, engaging in the wild and woolly world of air-to-air combat. This early adoption laid the foundation for everything that followed – from dogfights to strategic bombing campaigns.

Of course, World War II was the true proving ground for military aviation. The conflict saw an explosion of aircraft development and tactical innovation. Suddenly, air power wasn’t just a sideshow; it was the main event. Strategic bombing could cripple enemy infrastructure, while air superiority became essential for everything from troop movements to naval operations. Think D-Day would have been a picnic without Allied air cover? I don’t think so! Key battles like the Battle of Britain and the Battle of Midway were practically decided in the skies, showcasing the undeniable impact of air power on the war’s outcome.

And speaking of impacts, let’s talk about some of the iron birds that made it all happen. You’ve got your workhorses like the Douglas C-47 Skytrain, the unsung hero of troop transport and paratrooper drops. Think of it as the WWII Uber, but a lot less comfortable. And while its biggest impact came later, we can’t forget to tip our hat to the Lockheed C-130 Hercules, a true testament to durability and versatility whose lineage stretches all the way back to the war years. Don’t forget the North American T-6 Texan and Beechcraft T-34 Mentor, the aircraft that countless pilots trained on before entering combat! They ensured Allied pilots had a solid foundation for the challenges to come. Or the handy De Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver, a utility player used for everything from observation missions to dropping off that all important cup of coffee at the front line.

The Allies weren’t the only ones making waves (or rather, contrails). The Avro Lancaster, a British heavy bomber, became synonymous with night raids over Germany, while the Supermarine Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane became icons of the Battle of Britain, holding back the Luftwaffe during the darkest days. The Axis powers had their own aerial aces, with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 representing the cutting edge of German fighter technology. And who could forget the Mitsubishi A6M Zero, the incredibly maneuverable Japanese fighter that initially dominated the Pacific skies?

Of course, the Allies eventually caught up. The Vought F4U Corsair and Grumman F6F Hellcat arrived on the scene, and the tides turned. And let’s not forget the unsung heroes of the Eastern Front, like the Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik and Petlyakov Pe-2, Soviet ground-attack aircraft that played a vital role in blunting the German advance.

While WWII was a major chapter, the story doesn’t end there. The Korean and Vietnam Wars saw further evolution in military aviation, with the introduction of jet aircraft and helicopters. And the Cold War was basically a decades-long arms race in the sky, with both sides pushing the boundaries of speed, altitude, and firepower. From humble beginnings to supersonic marvels, military aviation had well and truly taken off – and it’s never looked back.

From Cargo to Combat: Understanding Aircraft Types

Ever wondered what makes a ‘plane a plane? Well, aside from the obvious wings and the ability to defy gravity, a huge part of an aircraft’s identity comes down to its job description. Just like you wouldn’t ask a delivery truck to win a Formula 1 race, aircraft are designed with specific roles in mind. Let’s dive into the fascinating world of military aircraft and break down the different types that have soared through history.

Transport Aircraft: The Workhorses of the Skies

These are the unsung heroes of military aviation. Think of them as the logistics gurus, the moving vans of the sky. Transport aircraft are all about getting people and supplies from point A to point B, whether it’s across a battlefield or delivering aid after a natural disaster.

• Douglas C-47 Skytrain: Affectionately known as the “Gooney Bird,” this aircraft was the transport during World War II. Paratroopers leaping into action? Cargo hauled over the Himalayas? The C-47 did it all.

• Lockheed C-130 Hercules: The Hercules is the granddaddy of modern tactical airlifters. Rugged, reliable, and capable of landing on short, unimproved airstrips, the C-130 has been serving militaries worldwide for decades. It’s the kind of plane you call when you need to get something done, no matter how tough the conditions.

• Curtiss C-46 Commando: This cargo plane was a lifeline in the China-Burma-India Theater during World War II, flying crucial supplies over “The Hump.” A challenging, vital mission that showcased the importance of reliable cargo transport.

Trainer Aircraft: Where Pilots Earn Their Wings

Before a pilot straps into a high-performance fighter or a massive bomber, they need to learn the ropes. That’s where trainer aircraft come in. These planes are designed to teach aspiring aviators the fundamental skills of flight, from basic maneuvers to more advanced combat techniques. They are the classroom in the sky!

• North American T-6 Texan: Nicknamed the “Pilot Maker,” the T-6 Texan was the primary trainer for countless Allied pilots during World War II. Its challenging handling characteristics helped weed out those who weren’t cut out for the rigors of combat flying.

• Beechcraft T-34 Mentor: A later generation trainer, the T-34 Mentor continued the legacy of preparing pilots for more advanced aircraft. With its more modern design, it offered a stepping stone to the jet age.

Fighter Aircraft: Aces of the Air

Fighter aircraft are the gladiators of the skies. These sleek, agile machines are built for one purpose: air-to-air combat. But their roles extend beyond dogfights, including escorting bombers, strafing ground targets, and providing reconnaissance. These planes are the kings and queens of the aerial battlefield!

• Supermarine Spitfire & Hawker Hurricane: The heroes of the Battle of Britain. The Spitfire was sleek and fast, while the Hurricane was a sturdy workhorse. Together, they defended Britain against the Luftwaffe.

• Messerschmitt Bf 109 & Focke-Wulf Fw 190: The Luftwaffe’s primary fighters. The Bf 109 was a versatile and highly adaptable design, while the Fw 190 was a tough, heavily armed fighter-bomber.

• Mitsubishi A6M Zero: At the start of the Pacific War, the Zero was the terror of the skies. Its incredible maneuverability and long range made it a formidable opponent.

• Vought F4U Corsair & Grumman F6F Hellcat: The US Navy’s answer to the Zero. The Corsair was a powerful, gull-winged fighter, while the Hellcat was a rugged and reliable design that helped turn the tide in the Pacific.

Bomber Aircraft: Delivering the Payload

Bombers are the heavy hitters of military aviation. These aircraft are designed to carry large payloads of bombs over long distances, striking strategic targets deep behind enemy lines. They are the punch of aerial combat!

• Avro Lancaster: The iconic British heavy bomber of World War II. The Lancaster was known for its ability to carry massive bomb loads on night raids over Germany.

• Grumman TBF Avenger: A torpedo bomber that played a crucial role in naval battles. The Avenger was responsible for sinking numerous enemy ships.

• Petlyakov Pe-2: A Soviet ground-attack aircraft. The Pe-2 was a versatile and effective bomber that played a vital role on the Eastern Front.

From hauling supplies to engaging in air-to-air combat, military aircraft come in all shapes and sizes, each with a unique role to play. Understanding these different types helps us appreciate the complexity and ingenuity of military aviation throughout history. So, the next time you see a plane in the sky, remember there’s more to it than just wings and an engine!

Engineering the Skies: Key Technologies in Aircraft Design

Let’s face it, airplanes are basically flying miracles powered by a whole lotta science and engineering wizardry. Forget magic carpets; we’re diving deep into the nuts and bolts (or should I say, rivets and ailerons?) of what makes these metal birds soar! This section is all about peeking under the hood to see the incredible tech that makes aircraft design possible. We’re going to look at everything from the engines that roar to the navigation systems that keep them from getting lost in the clouds.

Engine Technology: From Whirr to Whoosh!

Once upon a time, engines were simple things. Think of the trusty radial engine, with its cylinders arranged like spokes on a wheel, or the inline engine, a straight-laced powerhouse of its day. But boy, have things changed! The quest for more speed, range, and fuel efficiency has led us to the magnificent turboprop engine. Imagine the power of a jet engine combined with the efficiency of a propeller – it’s like having your cake and flying with it too! These advancements not only made planes faster but also allowed them to travel farther on less fuel, opening up the world like never before.

Propeller Design: Twirling Towards Perfection

Speaking of propellers, did you know they’ve gone through their own glow-up? Early propellers were kinda basic, but engineers kept tweaking and refining them to squeeze out every last bit of thrust while keeping the noise down. Think of it like this: a better propeller means more ‘go’ and less ‘grumble.’ The evolution of Propeller Design is a testament to the relentless pursuit of perfection in the skies.

Aerodynamics: Dancing with the Wind

Alright, time for a bit of science – but don’t worry, it won’t be boring! Aerodynamics is basically the art of shaping things to move smoothly through the air. It’s all about understanding how air flows around an aircraft to generate lift, minimize drag, and maximize maneuverability. By understanding these principles, engineers can design aircraft that are not only fast and efficient but also incredibly agile.

Armament: Packing a Punch in the Sky

Now, let’s talk about the pointy end of military aviation. The development of Armament systems has been a game-changer in air combat. From simple machine guns rattling away to high-tech missiles, the firepower of aircraft has evolved dramatically. Early planes carried basic machine guns, but as technology advanced, so did the weaponry. The impact of these weapons on air combat tactics is undeniable, shaping the way wars are fought from above.

Navigation Systems: Finding Your Way in a Big Sky

Way back when, pilots relied on basic instruments and dead reckoning (basically, guessing based on speed and direction). Nowadays, we’ve got GPS, radar, and a whole host of fancy gadgets that make getting lost pretty darn difficult. The evolution of Navigation Systems has drastically improved accuracy and safety, allowing pilots to navigate complex routes with confidence.

Radio Communication: Keeping in Touch While Up High

Last but not least, let’s not forget the humble Radio Communication. Being able to talk to ground control is kinda important when you’re miles above the earth in a metal tube, right? Advancements in wireless communication technology have been crucial for air traffic control and aviation safety, ensuring that pilots can always get the information they need to fly safely.

Titans of the Industry: Key Aircraft Manufacturers

Alright, buckle up, aviation geeks! We’re about to take a whirlwind tour of the big leagues: the companies that turned dreams of flight into metal birds soaring across the sky. These aren’t just names; they’re legacies etched in contrails and whispered in wind tunnels. Each one played a pivotal role in shaping not only aviation but also the course of history itself. Get ready to meet the titans!

• Boeing: From humble beginnings building seaplanes in a Seattle boathouse, Boeing transformed into an aerospace giant. Everyone knows Boeing for their iconic commercial airliners, like the 747 and 737. However, they’ve also produced a stellar line of military aircraft, including bombers like the B-17 Flying Fortress and tankers like the KC-135 Stratotanker. They’ve literally helped passengers and militaries around the globe reach new heights.

• Lockheed Martin: Need something cutting-edge and maybe a little stealthy? Lockheed Martin is your go-to. This company is practically synonymous with advanced military and aerospace technology. Think SR-71 Blackbird, F-22 Raptor, and F-35 Lightning II. They aren’t just building planes, but building the future of flight.

• Douglas Aircraft Company: Though now part of Boeing, Douglas left an indelible mark on aviation history. Their DC-3 revolutionized commercial air travel, and during WWII, their C-47 Skytrain became the workhorse of the Allied war effort. A true legend in both civilian and military aviation.

• North American Aviation: This company was a powerhouse during World War II, churning out iconic aircraft like the P-51 Mustang, B-25 Mitchell, and T-6 Texan. After the war, they continued to push the boundaries, developing the X-15 rocket plane and playing a key role in the Apollo program. They truly had a hand in some of history’s greatest aeronautical achievements.

• Beechcraft: For many pilots, Beechcraft is synonymous with general aviation. Their Bonanza and Baron aircraft are mainstays at airports around the world. But they also contributed significantly to military aviation with trainer aircraft like the T-34 Mentor, training countless pilots for combat.

• Grumman: When the US Navy needed tough, reliable aircraft that could operate from aircraft carriers, they turned to Grumman. The F4F Wildcat, F6F Hellcat, and TBF Avenger helped the US dominate the skies over the Pacific during World War II. Grumman was the cat’s meow for naval aviation.

• Curtiss-Wright: Before jets ruled the skies, Curtiss-Wright was a major player in aircraft and engine development. They built some of the most iconic aircraft of the early 20th century, including the JN-4 “Jenny” and the P-40 Warhawk. They laid the foundation for modern aviation.

• Avro: Known primarily for one thing: BIG BOMBERS. Avro left its most significant mark with the Lancaster, a heavy bomber that struck fear into the hearts of the enemy during World War II. They excelled at building machines that could deliver a serious punch.

• Supermarine: Say “Supermarine,” and most people immediately think “Spitfire.” This iconic British fighter helped win the Battle of Britain and became a symbol of resistance against Nazi Germany. Their contribution to Britain’s aerial defense is unmatched.

• Hawker: Another British aviation icon, Hawker produced the Hurricane, another vital fighter that played a crucial role in the Battle of Britain. They also developed a series of successful jet fighters after the war, solidifying their place in aviation history.

• Messerschmitt: Representing the cutting edge of German aviation during World War II, Messerschmitt produced the Bf 109, one of the most widely produced and versatile fighters of the war. Their designs pushed the boundaries of aircraft technology.

• Focke-Wulf: Another key German aircraft manufacturer, Focke-Wulf, is best known for the Fw 190, a formidable fighter that challenged Allied air superiority. Their designs presented a serious threat in the skies over Europe.

• Mitsubishi: In the Pacific Theater, Mitsubishi’s A6M Zero was a force to be reckoned with. This highly maneuverable fighter dominated the early years of the war, giving the Japanese a significant advantage.

• Ilyushin: On the Eastern Front, Ilyushin’s Il-2 Shturmovik was a tank buster. This heavily armored ground-attack aircraft played a critical role in halting the German advance and helping the Soviet Union turn the tide of the war.

• Petlyakov: Another key Soviet aircraft designer, Petlyakov, is best known for the Pe-2, a versatile light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft that played a significant role in the Soviet war effort. Their designs contributed to the Soviet Union’s victory.

Wings of War: Military Organizations and Their Aircraft

Let’s talk about the big leagues, the teams that really put these flying machines to work! Military organizations, my friends, are where aircraft truly took flight in warfare, and boy, did they make an impact. Each force developed unique doctrines, tactics, and preferences for aircraft that defined their approach to aerial combat and support.

United States Army Air Forces (USAAF)

Picture this: World War II is raging, and the USAAF emerges as a powerhouse. Their role? Nothing short of shaping modern air power as we know it. From strategic bombing campaigns over Europe to providing crucial air support in the Pacific, the USAAF wasn’t just flying planes; they were writing the playbook for air warfare. Think of the sheer scale – building up from a relatively small force to a massive, global operation capable of projecting power across continents! The USAAF’s doctrine emphasized both strategic bombing to cripple enemy infrastructure and tactical air support to aid ground troops, setting a precedent for future conflicts.

Royal Air Force (RAF)

Ah, the RAF, the saviors of the skies during the Battle of Britain. This plucky group stood firm against the Luftwaffe, proving that air defense was not just possible, but essential. And it wasn’t just about fighters; the RAF pioneered strategic bombing, taking the fight to the enemy’s heartland. Imagine the courage of those bomber crews, navigating through the night skies over hostile territory. Their legacy is one of resilience, innovation, and a deep understanding of air power’s strategic potential. The RAF’s development of radar and integrated air defense systems during the Battle of Britain was crucial, giving them a decisive edge.

Luftwaffe

Now, let’s swing over to the other side, where we find the Luftwaffe. This was the German air force that initially dominated the skies with their advanced aircraft and innovative tactics. The Blitzkrieg tactics employed in the early years of World War II showcased the effectiveness of close air support in rapidly advancing ground forces. However, as the war progressed, the Luftwaffe faced increasing challenges, struggling to maintain air superiority against the combined might of the Allied air forces. Despite this, they remained a formidable force, known for their skilled pilots and technologically advanced aircraft like the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190.

Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (IJN)

The Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (IJN) burst onto the world stage with the attack on Pearl Harbor, demonstrating the devastating potential of naval air power. Their highly trained pilots and advanced aircraft, such as the Mitsubishi A6M Zero, initially dominated the Pacific skies. The IJN pioneered naval aviation tactics, including the use of aircraft carriers as mobile air bases, allowing them to project power across vast distances. However, as the war progressed, the IJN faced increasing losses, both in terms of aircraft and experienced pilots, ultimately leading to their defeat.

Soviet Air Forces (VVS)

Finally, we land in the East, where the Soviet Air Forces played a pivotal role on the Eastern Front. Think brutal, think relentless, think ground attack. The Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik was their workhorse, a flying tank that struck fear into the hearts of German tank crews. During the Cold War, the Soviet Air Forces continued to develop advanced aircraft and tactics, emphasizing both air defense and offensive capabilities. Their focus on robust, mass-produced aircraft and a deep understanding of ground warfare made them a formidable opponent.

Shaping the World: The Profound Impact of Aircraft

Okay, folks, let’s buckle up and dive into the wild blue yonder of how aircraft completely changed the game, both on the battlefield and in our everyday lives! Forget carrier pigeons – we’re talking about machines that shrink continents and redefine what’s possible.

Warfare: Wings of Strategy

Think about it: before planes, battles were fought on land or sea. Then came these metal birds, and suddenly, entirely new dimensions of strategy opened up. We’re not just talking about dogfights and daring pilots. Think about it:

• Air Superiority: Owning the sky means you control the battlefield. You can spot enemy movements, protect your troops, and generally make life miserable for the other side.
• Precision Strikes: No more inaccurate cannon fire. With aircraft, targets could be hit with pinpoint accuracy, changing the nature of engagement.
• Reconnaissance: Scouting missions on steroids! Planes could fly over enemy territory, snapping photos and gathering intel faster and more effectively than ever before.

Society: Flying High on Connectivity

But it’s not all about war. Aircraft did a total 180 on how we live, work, and play.

• Civilian Transportation: Remember when crossing an ocean took weeks? Now you can hop on a plane and be halfway around the world in a day! It’s all about convenience and speed.
• Global Commerce: Goods can be shipped worldwide in a fraction of the time, creating new markets and driving economic growth. It’s the ultimate express delivery service, and that makes everything faster and more efficient.
• Cultural Exchange: Travel becomes more accessible for everyone, breaking down barriers and connecting cultures. Suddenly, visiting a far-off land is within reach for many more people.

Keeping History Alive: Warbird Aircraft and Restoration

Alright, buckle up, history buffs and grease monkeys! Let’s talk about keeping these magnificent metal birds of war alive and kicking (or, you know, flying gracefully at airshows). We’re diving deep into the world of Warbird Aircraft and Restoration, where dedicated folks are working tirelessly to preserve a vital piece of our aviation heritage.

Think of it this way: these aren’t just old planes; they’re flying museums, each with a story etched into its rivets and painted on its wings. They witnessed history, dodged flak, and helped shape the world we live in. And the awesome thing is, a bunch of passionate people out there are making sure these stories don’t fade away.

The Art of Bringing ‘Em Back: Aircraft Restoration

So, how do you turn a rusty, decades-old wreck into a gleaming tribute to aviation? Well, it’s not for the faint of heart. Aircraft restoration is a blend of artistry, engineering, detective work, and pure, unadulterated love for these machines.

It starts with finding these relics, often languishing in barns, museums, or even underwater (seriously!). Then comes the painstaking process of disassembly, assessment, and restoration. Every part is scrutinized, repaired, or replaced with original or faithfully reproduced components. Originality is key here, but safety is paramount. It’s a delicate balance between preserving history and ensuring these birds can take to the skies again without incident.

Think of the challenges: finding the right blueprints, sourcing incredibly rare parts, and mastering the skills needed to work on technology that’s often older than your grandparents. These restorers aren’t just mechanics; they’re historians, welders, fabricators, and artists all rolled into one!

Warbirds: Flying Monuments to Aviation Heritage

But all that hard work pays off when these restored warbirds roar back to life. They become Warbird Aircraft, living testaments to the ingenuity, bravery, and sacrifice of those who designed, built, and flew them.

These aircraft play a huge role in commemorating our aviation heritage. Seeing a Spitfire dance across the sky or a B-17 lumber overhead connects us to the past in a way that no textbook ever could. They’re not just static displays; they’re flying memorials, reminding us of the sacrifices made during times of conflict and the incredible advancements in aviation technology.

And it’s not just about nostalgia; it’s about education. Warbirds are a fantastic tool for teaching the public about aviation history, engineering, and the importance of preserving our past. They spark curiosity, inspire future generations of pilots and engineers, and keep the flame of aviation alive and burning bright. So, the next time you see a warbird soaring through the air, remember the dedication and passion that went into bringing it back from the brink and the vital role it plays in keeping history alive. It’s a sight worth cherishing!

Celebrating Flight: Airshows and Aviation Museums

Have you ever felt that rumble in your chest as a jet screams overhead? Or maybe you’ve stood, mouth agape, staring at a meticulously restored biplane? Well, that’s the magic of airshows and aviation museums! They’re not just for gearheads or history buffs; they’re for anyone who’s ever looked up at the sky and dreamed of soaring.

Airshows: A Symphony of Skill and Steel

Imagine this: the sun is blazing, the crowd is buzzing, and then… the roar. An airshow is more than just planes flying around. It’s a celebration of human skill, a showcase of aviation technology, and a heart-stopping display of what machines (and the brave souls piloting them) are capable of.

These events provide a thrilling display of aerial acrobatics, precision flying, and historic aircraft demonstrations. Airshows, like Sun ‘n Fun or EAA AirVenture Oshkosh, offer a chance to see the latest advancements in aviation technology up close. You get to witness skilled pilots pushing the limits of their machines, performing mind-bending maneuvers, and honoring aviation history. Whether it’s a vintage warbird soaring gracefully or a modern jet leaving a contrail across the sky, there’s something for everyone.

Aviation Museums: Where History Takes Flight

But what happens when the show is over? Where do these incredible machines go? The answer is often an aviation museum – a place where history comes alive.

Aviation museums are more than just static displays of old planes. They’re time capsules, preserving not only the artifacts but also the stories of the people who designed, built, and flew them. Think of places like the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum or the Royal Air Force Museum. These hallowed halls house incredible collections and offer in-depth looks into the development of aviation.

These museums are essential for documenting aviation history and educating future generations about the importance of flight. They serve as a reminder of the ingenuity, courage, and dedication of those who have pushed the boundaries of what’s possible in the air. It’s a place to get up close and personal with aviation history, seeing the planes that shaped the world, and hearing the stories that made them legends. They inspire future pilots, engineers, and dreamers, ensuring the legacy of flight continues for generations to come.

So, next time you spot one of these old birds rumbling across the sky, take a moment to appreciate its history. These prop-driven planes may not be the flashiest, but they’ve earned their place in aviation history, proving that sometimes the old ways are the best ways.