Native American Plaza: Culture & Heritage

The plaza is a public space. It holds immense cultural and historical significance for Native American communities across the Southwest. These plazas are central to the social and ceremonial life of groups. These groups include the Pueblo people, who use the plaza for dances, ceremonies, and gatherings. The Hopi tribe, also depend on the plaza. It serves as a focal point for community events and religious practices. Many of these traditions reflect ancestral connections to the land and are vital for maintaining cultural identity. These traditions include cultural identity of the Navajo Nation. This nation also utilizes similar spaces for important tribal functions. The plaza, therefore, represents a connection to history. It is also represents a vibrant continuation of Native American heritage.

Ah, the Great Plains – a sea of grass, sun-baked earth, and sky that stretches forever. Imagine standing there, the wind whispering tales of ages past, of thundering herds and the vibrant lives of the people who’ve called this place home for centuries. This ain’t just some empty space; it’s a heartland thumping with history, resilience, and a whole lotta spirit!

These sweeping landscapes weren’t just backdrops; they were theaters for the drama of human life, cradling a mosaic of cultures we know as the Plains Tribes. We’re talkin’ Arapaho, Blackfeet, Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Kiowa, Lakota/Sioux, Pawnee, and many more – each a unique thread in the rich tapestry of the Plains. These weren’t just names on a map; they were nations with their own languages, customs, and ways of navigating this world.

Now, buckle up, buttercup, because we’re about to dive headfirst into their story. This isn’t your grandma’s dry history lesson. We’re going to unearth the stories, the struggles, the triumphs, and the challenges these tribes faced. We’ll explore how they interacted, clashed, adapted, and ultimately, endured. So, get ready to meet the real people behind the legends, to understand their worldview, and to appreciate the enduring legacy they’ve left on the Great Plains and beyond. Get ready to be amazed, challenged, and maybe even a little bit inspired by the story of the Plains Tribes!

A Tapestry of Tribes: Key Players of the Plains

The Great Plains weren’t just an empty expanse; they were a vibrant mosaic woven with the lives, cultures, and histories of numerous tribes. Each group brought its own unique thread to this rich tapestry, creating a complex and dynamic landscape. Let’s meet some of the key players who called the Plains home.

The Arapaho: A Divided People, A Shared Heritage

Imagine a tribe split by circumstance, yet bound by heritage. That’s the story of the Arapaho. The Northern Arapaho carved out a life primarily in Wyoming and Montana, while the Southern Arapaho found their place in Oklahoma. Though separated geographically, they shared a common language, similar cultural practices, and a deep connection to the land. Discover their distinct histories and the threads that still bind them.

The Assiniboine: Migrants of the Northern Plains

The Assiniboine, whose name roughly translates to “stone boilers” – a nod to their cooking methods. Originating from the Sioux, they migrated north, adapting their way of life to the demands of the northern Plains. Picture them skillfully hunting buffalo, establishing crucial trade routes, and developing resilience against harsh winters. It’s a tale of migration, adaptation, and thriving in a challenging environment.

Blackfeet Confederacy: A Trio of Powerful Tribes

Envision a powerful alliance of three distinct tribes: the Piegan (Pikani), Blood (Kainai), and Siksika. This was the Blackfeet Confederacy, a force to be reckoned with on the northern Plains. Each tribe played a vital role, contributing to the confederacy’s strength in warfare, trade, and territorial control. Their history is one of unity, shared defense, and a deep-rooted connection to the land they fiercely protected.

Cheyenne: Warriors and Keepers of Sacred Traditions

Picture a people deeply connected to the land and their traditions. Like the Arapaho, the Cheyenne divided into Northern and Southern groups, each charting their own historical course. Known for their fierce warrior spirit and complex governance, the Cheyenne were also keepers of sacred ceremonies and deeply rooted spiritual beliefs. Understanding their journey involves delving into their unique leadership structures and the distinct paths forged by each division.

The Comanche: Lords of the Southern Plains

Now, imagine a tribe whose name evokes images of skilled horsemen dominating the landscape. The Comanche, with their unparalleled equestrian skills, rose to become the lords of the Southern Plains. Their mastery of horsemanship transformed their hunting and warfare tactics, allowing them to exert significant influence over the region. Their story is a fascinating rise to power, fueled by skill, strategy, and a deep understanding of the Plains environment.

The Crow: Allies and Skilled Scouts

Picture a tribe known for their intelligence, scouting abilities, and, at times, complex relationships with their neighbors. The Crow, allied with the U.S. Army, served as valuable scouts, providing crucial information about the landscape and other tribes. However, their alliance also placed them in a difficult position, navigating the shifting alliances and conflicts of the Plains.

Kiowa: Artists of the Southern Plains

Envision a tribe known for their artistic expression, storytelling, and strong sense of community. The Kiowa graced the Southern Plains with their presence, leaving behind a legacy of beautiful artwork, vibrant cultural traditions, and a rich history of resilience. They were integral players in the Southern Plains dynamic.

Lakota/Sioux: Defenders of the Black Hills

The name Lakota/Sioux evokes images of proud warriors defending their way of life. This powerful group encompassed several divisions, including the Oglala, Brulé, and Hunkpapa, each occupying distinct territories across the northern Plains. Their resistance to U.S. expansion, their unwavering defense of the Black Hills, and their commitment to their traditions have made them a symbol of Native American resilience and determination.

Lipan Apache: Adapting to the Plains

Picture the Lipan Apache migrating onto the Plains, adapting their survival skills to a new environment. Interacting with other Apache groups and adopting new strategies became crucial for the tribe in the region.

Plains Apache (Kiowa-Apache): Close Allies

The Plains Apache, also known as the Kiowa-Apache, developed a close partnership with the Kiowa people. The bond forged between these two tribes led them to shared cultural traits and a mutual dependence on each other.

Pawnee: Farmers, Villagers, and Stargazers

Now, imagine a tribe deeply connected to the land, cultivating crops, and living in settled villages. The Pawnee were skilled agriculturalists, living in earth lodges and developing a complex cosmology based on the stars. Their story is one of harmony with nature, community living, and a profound understanding of the celestial world.

Plains Cree: Hunters and Traders of the North

Finally, envision the Plains Cree, adapting their skills to thrive in the northern Plains. Picture them expertly hunting buffalo, establishing extensive trade networks, and becoming integral players in the economic landscape of the region. It’s a story of resourcefulness, adaptation, and thriving in the vast expanse of the northern Plains.

Leaders and Legends: Influential Figures of the Plains

This section dives into the riveting stories of individuals who left an indelible mark on the Great Plains. Get ready to meet the strategists, the peacemakers, and the defiant leaders who shaped the destiny of their people. We’re talking biographies that read like epic tales, folks!

Sitting Bull: The Unyielding Holy Man

Hunkpapa Lakota leader, Sitting Bull, wasn’t just a chief; he was a holy man who embodied the spirit of resistance. Dive into his early years, understanding the spiritual and cultural values that shaped his unwavering dedication to preserving Lakota traditions. Uncover his pivotal role in galvanizing tribal unity and shaping the resistance to U.S. expansion, notably through the Ghost Dance movement. And, of course, we will explore the tragic circumstances surrounding his death and the complex legacy he left behind, still relevant today as a symbol of indigenous resilience.

Crazy Horse: The Visionary Warrior

Crazy Horse, the Oglala Lakota warrior, was practically a ghost to the U.S. Army! We explore his early life and the spiritual visions that fueled his commitment to Lakota ways. From his courage and battle prowess at Little Bighorn to his refusal to compromise Lakota independence, we uncover his tactical brilliance and the deep respect he earned from his people, which even the U.S. respected. His untamed spirit even led to his controversial death!

Red Cloud: The Diplomat Who Won the War

Forget battles for a minute; Red Cloud was a master negotiator. Learn about the circumstances that led to the signing of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie and the treaty’s provisions regarding Lakota territory and rights. His diplomatic prowess not only secured crucial concessions but also highlighted the complexities of U.S.-Lakota relations. But it wasn’t all sunshine and rainbows! We explore the subsequent violations of the treaty and Red Cloud’s ongoing advocacy for his people.

Black Kettle: A Heartbreaking Quest for Peace

Black Kettle of the Southern Cheyenne was a beacon of peace in a time of escalating conflict. Explore his efforts to maintain peaceful relations with the U.S. government amidst growing tensions and broken promises. We’ll delve into the horrific details of the Sand Creek Massacre and its devastating impact on Black Kettle’s band and the Cheyenne people. The legacy of Black Kettle serves as a poignant reminder of the devastating consequences of broken promises and the resilience of the Cheyenne people in the face of immense tragedy.

Quanah Parker: Bridging Two Worlds

Quanah Parker, the last free chief of the Comanche, was a fascinating figure who straddled two worlds. Learn about his mixed heritage and early life on the Southern Plains, where he honed his skills as a warrior. Examine his strategic leadership during the Red River War and his eventual surrender and adaptation to reservation life. But here’s the kicker: Quanah became a bridge between Comanche traditions and American society, promoting education, economic development, and cultural preservation.

Chief Joseph: A Leader In the Plains??

This sub-section is a bit different from the others. While Chief Joseph is renowned, it’s important to note that he was not associated with the Plains tribes! Instead, he was a leader of the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce, whose territory was primarily in the Pacific Northwest. So, why include him? Because examining the dynamics of interactions between Chief Joseph and the Plains Tribes is essential to understanding the full spectrum of intertribal relations in 19th-century America.

Culture and Customs: The Heart of Plains Life

The culture and customs of the Plains Tribes are like the intricate beadwork on a ceremonial dress – each element carefully crafted and interwoven to create a vibrant, meaningful whole. These weren’t just ways of doing things; they were the very essence of who they were.

Buffalo/Bison Hunting: More Than Just a Meal Ticket

Imagine life where your grocery store, your spiritual guide, and your hardware store were all the same magnificent creature: the buffalo. For the Plains Tribes, bison hunting was everything. It wasn’t just about putting food on the table; it was a sacred act, a dance of respect and survival. Every part of the animal was used, from the meat that nourished them to the hides that sheltered them. Even the bones became tools! It was a complete circle of life, connecting them to the land and the spirit world.

Tipis: Mobile Homes with a Soul

Forget bricks and mortar; these folks were all about the tipi. More than just tents, these were ingeniously designed homes, perfectly adapted to the nomadic lifestyle. Easy to put up and take down, they were like mobile apartments, decorated with stories and symbols that reflected the family’s history and beliefs. Plus, they were surprisingly cozy!

Horse Culture: A Four-Legged Revolution

Before the horse arrived, life on the Plains was a foot-powered affair. But once these magnificent creatures galloped onto the scene, everything changed. Horses transformed hunting, warfare, and even social status. A good horseman was a wealthy man, and the horse became a symbol of prestige and power. It was like upgrading from a bicycle to a sports car – a total game-changer!

Sun Dance: A Prayer in Motion

The Sun Dance was (and still is) the Super Bowl of spiritual ceremonies. It’s a powerful, deeply moving event where participants dance, pray, and offer sacrifices for the good of the community. It’s a time of renewal, reaffirming tribal identity and strengthening bonds between people and the spiritual world. Think of it as a spiritual tune-up for the whole tribe.

Powwows: A Party with a Purpose

Powwows are more than just a good time; they’re vibrant celebrations of culture, community, and heritage. They’re a chance to dance, sing, reconnect with old friends, and make new ones. Imagine a family reunion mixed with a music festival and a history lesson – that’s a powwow!

Plains Sign Language: Talking Without Words

Ever tried communicating with someone who speaks a different language? It can be tricky. But the Plains Tribes had a solution: Plains Sign Language. This ingenious system of hand gestures allowed tribes from different linguistic backgrounds to trade, negotiate, and even tell stories. It was the universal language of the Plains.

Storytelling (Oral Traditions): The Original Netflix

Before there were books or screens, there were stories. Storytelling was the way the Plains Tribes passed down their history, values, and beliefs from one generation to the next. These weren’t just fairy tales; they were living documents, shaping the way people understood the world and their place in it. It was their way of keeping the past alive.

Warrior Societies: Guardians of the Peace

Warrior Societies were like the tribal police force, but with a lot more flair. These groups of elite warriors were responsible for maintaining order, protecting the community, and leading the charge in times of war. They had their own rituals, traditions, and codes of conduct, and membership was a mark of great honor.

Traditional Clothing: Dressing with Meaning

Traditional clothing wasn’t just about covering up; it was a way of expressing identity, status, and beliefs. Buckskin dresses adorned with intricate beadwork, feathered headdresses that spoke of courage and honor – every garment had a story to tell. It was like wearing your heart on your sleeve, or in this case, on your buckskin.

Beadwork and Quillwork: Art with a Message

The Plains Tribes were masters of beadwork and quillwork, transforming everyday objects into stunning works of art. From intricate patterns on moccasins to elaborate designs on ceremonial robes, these art forms were a way of expressing creativity, preserving traditions, and telling stories through symbols and colors. It was like painting with beads and quills!

Clash of Worlds: Historical Events and Conflicts

Let’s dive into some of the most pivotal, and often heart-wrenching, clashes that defined the history of the Plains Tribes. These weren’t just skirmishes; they were collisions of vastly different worlds, each with its own set of beliefs, values, and ambitions. Understanding these events is crucial to grasping the full picture of the Plains Tribes’ journey.

The Shadow of Sand Creek

The Sand Creek Massacre stands as a stark reminder of the brutality that marked this era. In 1864, Colorado militia, led by Colonel John Chivington, attacked a peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho village camped near Sand Creek. What unfolded was a slaughter of primarily women, children, and the elderly, despite the tribes having an understanding of protection with the U.S. government. The causes were a mix of land lust, racial prejudice, and a thirst for military glory. The consequences were devastating: a shattered trust, a surge of anger, and a legacy of grief that continues to haunt the descendants of the survivors.

Custer’s Last Stand: The Battle of Little Bighorn

Ah, yes, the Battle of Little Bighorn. On the surface, it seems like a great victory. In 1876, Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and his 7th Cavalry met their match against a combined force of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors, led by legendary figures like Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. But this wasn’t just a battle; it was a statement. A testament to the tribes’ determination to defend their land and way of life. However, the victory was short-lived. The broader implications included intensified military campaigns, increased pressure on the tribes, and the eventual erosion of their independence.

The Tragedy at Wounded Knee

The Wounded Knee Massacre. It is one of the most infamous tragedies that took place in 1890, when U.S. soldiers opened fire on a group of Lakota Ghost Dancers, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of unarmed men, women, and children. The tragic circumstances stemmed from escalating tensions, fear of the Ghost Dance movement, and a general climate of hostility. The historical significance of Wounded Knee lies in its symbolic weight as the end of the Indian Wars, marking the crushing of organized resistance and ushering in an era of reservation confinement and cultural suppression.

Scorched Earth: The Red River War

The Red River War, fought in 1874 and 1875, was a brutal conflict sparked by the U.S. government’s failure to honor the Medicine Lodge Treaty. The war’s causes can be traced to the decline of the buffalo population, forcing tribes to seek resources beyond their assigned territories. Major events included a series of battles and raids across the Southern Plains, ultimately leading to the defeat and forced relocation of the Southern Cheyenne, Comanche, Kiowa, and Arapaho tribes to reservations in Oklahoma.

Promises Broken: The Medicine Lodge Treaty

The Medicine Lodge Treaty, signed in 1867, aimed to establish peace between the U.S. government and several Southern Plains tribes. The terms included the establishment of reservations, provisions for education and agricultural assistance, and promises of protection from white encroachment. However, the U.S. government quickly violated these promises, leading to renewed conflict and further displacement. The effects of the treaty were devastating, as it failed to provide the security and resources it promised, ultimately contributing to the outbreak of the Red River War.

A Legacy of Betrayal: The Fort Laramie Treaty

The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 was intended to guarantee the Lakota and other tribes undisturbed possession of the Black Hills and other territories. The provisions included establishing a large reservation and providing resources for the tribes’ sustenance. However, the discovery of gold in the Black Hills led to a massive influx of white settlers, and the U.S. government failed to uphold its treaty obligations. The subsequent violations by the U.S. government resulted in the Great Sioux War and the eventual seizure of the Black Hills, a sacred site for the Lakota people.

The Long Struggle: The Indian Wars

The Indian Wars. A series of conflicts spanning decades, were driven by U.S. expansionism, the desire for land and resources, and the clash of cultures and ideologies. Native American tribes fought to defend their territories, way of life, and sovereignty against overwhelming odds. The wars resulted in immense loss of life, forced displacement, and the erosion of Native American culture and autonomy.

Land and Legacy: The Geographic Context

Ever wonder how much the land shapes the people who live on it? Well, when it comes to the Plains Tribes, the connection is as deep as the roots of the prairie grass! This section is all about the stage on which their incredible story unfolded – the Great Plains itself.

The Great Plains: A Land of Big Skies and Big Challenges

The Great Plains isn’t just some empty space in the middle of the USA, folks. It’s a vast, rolling sea of grass, stretching as far as the eye can see. Think of it: endless horizons, dramatic weather, and a whole lot of buffalo! Its main characteristics are:

• Vast Grasslands: Ideal for grazing animals like the buffalo, which were central to Plains Indian life.

• Dramatic Weather: The Plains can experience extreme temperature swings, from blistering hot summers to frigid winters.

• Limited Rainfall: Which made agriculture a challenge in some areas, leading many tribes to adopt a nomadic lifestyle.

• Few Trees: This impacted building materials and forced tribes to be resourceful in using other available resources.

Where Exactly ARE We Talking About?

Now, let’s get specific. The Great Plains sprawls across a whole bunch of states, each with its own slice of the Plains experience. We’re talking:

• Montana and Wyoming: Big Sky Country where vast herds of buffalo once roamed, and remnants of the frontier still echo.
• North Dakota and South Dakota: Home to the Lakota and Dakota nations, rich in history and cultural heritage.
• Nebraska and Kansas: Where the rolling prairies meet the fertile farmland, showcasing diverse landscapes.
• Oklahoma and Texas: Where the Southern Plains tribes thrived, renowned for their horsemanship and warrior culture.
• Colorado and New Mexico: Where the mountains meet the plains, offering stunning scenery and diverse ecosystems.

Reservations: A Complex Chapter

After decades of conflict and displacement, the U.S. government established reservations for the Plains Tribes. These designated areas were intended to provide a homeland, but often came with hardships:

• Loss of Traditional Lands: Tribes were confined to smaller areas, disrupting their nomadic way of life.

• Poverty and Limited Resources: Reservations often lacked adequate resources and economic opportunities.

• Erosion of Sovereignty: The U.S. government exerted significant control over tribal affairs, undermining self-governance.

• Cultural Disruption: Assimilation policies aimed to suppress traditional practices and languages.

The Black Hills: A Sacred Place

No discussion of the Plains is complete without mentioning the Black Hills. For the Lakota people (and many other tribes), these hills are more than just a scenic landscape; they’re a sacred place:

• Spiritual Center: The Black Hills are considered the heart of the Lakota universe, where spirits reside and ceremonies are held.

• Resource Rich: The hills provide timber, minerals, and other resources essential for survival.

• Treaty Rights: The 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie guaranteed the Lakota undisturbed possession of the Black Hills, but this was later violated when gold was discovered.

• Ongoing Dispute: The Lakota continue to fight for the return of the Black Hills, viewing it as a matter of justice and cultural survival.

7. Artifacts and Art: Material Culture of the Plains

Hey there, history buffs and art enthusiasts! Let’s mosey on over to the fascinating world of Plains Indian material culture. These weren’t just everyday items; they were a testament to the incredible ingenuity, resourcefulness, and artistic flair of the Plains Tribes. Imagine crafting everything you need from the land around you – it’s seriously impressive!

Weapons: The Tools of the Trade (and Defense!)

Let’s kick things off with the weapons. We’re talking bows and arrows that were as deadly as they were beautifully crafted. Think about it: your life depends on getting that arrow straight and true. And then there were the lances, those long, pointed poles that made warriors look like knights of the prairie. And, of course, the trusty knives, used for everything from hunting to crafting. These weren’t just weapons; they were symbols of skill, strength, and survival.

Tools: The Bison’s Best (and Worst) Friend

Next up: Tools. When the buffalo was life, so were the tools needed to process every single part of it. From scrappers and choppers to specialized implements for preparing hides and meat, the Plains Tribes had a tool for every job. Talk about upcycling before it was cool! These tools reflect an intimate knowledge of the animal and the environment, ensuring nothing went to waste.

Ceremonial Objects: Spirit in Every Stitch

Now, let’s get spiritual with the ceremonial objects. Think of pipes, used for sacred ceremonies and agreements, filled with prayers and intentions. Then there are the drums, beating out rhythms that connected the people to the earth and the spirits. And the rattles, shaking and singing to heal and celebrate. Each object wasn’t just an item; it was a vessel for the sacred, carefully crafted and deeply respected.

Clothing and Adornments: Dressed to Impress (and Survive!)

Let’s talk fashion! Clothing and adornments were way more than just covering up. They were a way to express identity, status, and connection to the spirit world. Think of buckskin dresses adorned with intricate beadwork, each design telling a story. Or feathered headdresses, symbolizing honor and leadership. Every material, style, and symbol had meaning.

Artwork: Painting the Plains with Purpose

Last but not least: Artwork. Imagine painting on hides with natural pigments, creating vibrant scenes of hunts, battles, and spiritual visions. These weren’t just pretty pictures; they were records of history, declarations of identity, and expressions of deep-seated beliefs. The artistic legacy of the Plains Tribes is a treasure trove of creativity and cultural significance. Carvings on pipes, tools, and even tipi poles added another layer of artistic expression, blending form and function in remarkable ways.

Enduring Issues: Echoes of the Past, Resonances Today

Let’s dive into some of the bigger picture stuff, the stuff that doesn’t just live in history books but breathes in the world around us today. We’re talking about the undercurrents, the echoes that still shape the lives and experiences of the Plains Tribes.

Federal Indian Policy: A Shifting Landscape

Oh boy, where do we even begin? Federal Indian Policy—it’s been a wild ride, to put it mildly. From treaties (broken as often as they were signed) to assimilation attempts that make you cringe, the government’s approach has been, shall we say, complicated. We’ll touch on the landmark acts, the shifting philosophies, and the unintended (or maybe intended?) consequences that ripple through generations.

Treaty Rights: More Than Just Paper

These aren’t just dusty old documents; they’re the bedrock of legitimate agreements, promises made (and, all too often, broken) between sovereign nations. We’ll explore why upholding treaty rights isn’t just a legal obligation, but a matter of basic justice and respect. Get ready for a deep dive into the messy reality of what happens when those promises are forgotten.

Native American Sovereignty: Self-Determination in Action

What does it really mean for a tribe to govern itself? We’ll unpack the concept of Native American Sovereignty, exploring the ongoing struggle for self-determination, the challenges of navigating tribal law within the U.S. legal system, and the amazing things that happen when tribes have the power to shape their own destinies.

Cultural Preservation: Keeping the Flame Alive

Imagine trying to hold onto your identity while the world around you is constantly pushing you to change. That’s the reality of cultural preservation. We’ll celebrate the inspiring efforts to maintain traditions, revive languages, and pass down ancestral knowledge to future generations. Think of it as a cultural relay race where the baton is a way of life.

Assimilation: The Pressure to Conform

Ugh, this one’s a toughie. We’ll confront the dark history of assimilation policies—boarding schools, forced conversions, and the systematic attempt to erase Indigenous cultures. But we’ll also explore the resilience of the Plains Tribes in the face of this pressure, and the ways they’ve managed to reclaim and redefine their identities on their own terms.

Buffalo’s Impact: Heart of the Plains

The buffalo wasn’t just a food source; it was life. Its near-extinction and subsequent impact on Plains culture is hard to overstate. We will discuss how this majestic animal was woven into the very fabric of their society, spirituality, and daily existence, and what was lost with their decline.

Nomadic Lifestyle: Adapting to Change

Picture this: Your home is wherever you pitch your tipi, and your life is dictated by the rhythms of the seasons and the movement of the herds. We will walk through the adaptations and the disruptions, the challenges and the innovations of the nomadic lifestyle, and how it shaped the unique culture of the Plains Tribes.

Spiritual Beliefs: Connection to the Land

At the heart of Plains culture lies a profound connection to the land and a deep respect for the natural world. We’ll discuss The Great Spirit and delve into the spiritual beliefs of the Plains Tribes, exploring their ceremonies, their sacred sites, and their holistic view of the universe where everything is connected and sacred.

So, next time you’re wandering through a plaza, take a moment to remember the deep history beneath your feet. It’s a story of resilience, community, and a profound connection to the land that continues to shape the Southwest today.